Every app here is strong on one of three axes and usually weak on the other two. Working out which axis is your problem takes about a minute and saves a subscription.
Hygiene. One accurate copy of each person across Google, iCloud, and Outlook, with duplicates merged and a backup somewhere. Contacts+ is built for this and nothing else on the list competes seriously. Apple and Google each tidy inside their own account and stop at the boundary.
Memory. Knowing how you met someone, what you last discussed and when to reach out again. That's what Dex, Mesh, and Cloze add, in three different ways: Dex by asking you to keep it, Mesh by importing and prompting, Cloze by logging mail, calls, files, and meetings without data entry.
Retrieval. The axis nobody markets. An address book works by scrolling until you recognize a name, which fails somewhere around a few thousand people. Past that, the only useful question is a description rather than a name: "who do I know at Stripe", "who have I met who works in payments". Deduplication will never answer a question like that.
One more thing worth checking is where the records come from. Apps that scan (Covve) fill quickly at events and stay empty otherwise. Apps that sync a device address book (Contacts+, Apple, Google) are as complete as the address book was. Apps that read your inbox and calendar (Cloze, Happenstance) know about people who were never saved anywhere, which is most of the people you have worked with.